2926. Design Pattern - Null Object
Null Object

Behavioral Pattern: Null Object Pattern.

1. Null Object Pattern

The Null Object pattern is used to encapsulate the absence of an object by providing a substitutable alternative that offers suitable default do nothing behavior. In short, a design where “nothing will come of nothing”.

Use the Null Object pattern when:

  • an object requires a collaborator. The Null Object pattern does not introduce this collaboration–it makes use of a collaboration that already exists
  • some collaborator instances should do nothing
  • you want to abstract the handling of null away from the client

2. Example of Implementation

2.1 Interface

public interface Shape {
    double area();
    double perimeter();
    void draw();
}

2.2 Classes

public class Circle implements Shape {
    private final double radius;
 
    public Circle (double radius) {
        this.radius = radius;
    }
 
    @Override
    public double area() {
        // Area = πr^2
        return Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);
    }
 
    @Override
    public double perimeter() {
        // Perimeter = 2πr
        return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
    }
    @Override
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("Drawing Circle with area: " + area() + " and perimeter: " + perimeter());
    }
}
 
public class Rectangle implements Shape {
    private final double width;
    private final double height;
 
    public Rectangle (double width, double height) {
        this.width = width;
        this.height = height;
    }
 
    @Override
    public double area() {
        // A = w * h
        return width * height;
    }
 
    @Override
    public double perimeter() {
        // P = 2(w + h)
        return 2 * (width + height);
    }
 
    @Override
    public void draw() {
    	System.out.println("Drawing Rectangle with area: " + area() + " and perimeter: " + perimeter());
    }
}
 
public class Triangle implements Shape {
    private final double a;
    private final double b;
    private final double c;
 
    public Triangle (double a, double b, double c) {
        this.a = a;
        this.b = b;
        this.c = c;
    }
 
    @Override
    public double area() {
        // Using Heron's formula:
        // Area = SquareRoot(s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c))
        // where s = (a + b + c) / 2, or 1/2 of the perimeter of the triangle
        double s = (a + b + c) / 2;
        return Math.sqrt(s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c));
    }
 
    @Override
    public double perimeter() {
        // P = a + b + c
        return a + b + c;
    }
 
    @Override public void draw() {
    	System.out.println("Drawing Triangle with area: " + area() + " and perimeter: " + perimeter());
    }
}

2.3 Problematic Usage

public class ShapeFactory {
    public static Shape createShape(String shapeType) {
        Shape shape = null;
        if ("Circle".equalsIgnoreCase(shapeType)) {
            shape = new Circle(3);
        } else if ("Rectangle".equalsIgnoreCase(shapeType)) {
            shape = new Rectangle(2, 4);
        } else if ("Triangle".equalsIgnoreCase(shapeType)) {
            shape = new Triangle(3, 4, 5);
        } // else return null
 
        return shape;
    }
}

When client using this factory to get shape instance, null-check is required if it returns null object. Otherwise, NullPointerException occurs.

public class ShapeProcessor {
    String[] shapeTypes = new String[] { "Circle", "Triangle", "Rectangle", null};
 
    public ShapeProcessor () {
 
    }
 
    public void process() {
        for (String shapeType : shapeTypes) {
            Shape shape = ShapeFactory.createShape(shapeType);
            if (shape != null) { // null-check is required if factory returns null object
                System.out.println("Shape area: " + shape.area());
                System.out.println("Shape Perimeter: " + shape.perimeter());
                shape.draw();
                System.out.println();
            }
        }
    }
}

2.4 Implementation with NullObject Pattern

Create ‘null’ class as default shape.

public class NullShape implements Shape {
 
    public NullShape () {}
 
    @Override
    public double area() {
        return 0.0d;
    }
 
    @Override
    public double perimeter() {
        return 0.0d;
    }
 
    @Override
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("Null object can't be drawn");
    }
}

Factory can now return the null object.

public class ShapeFactory {
    public static Shape createShape(String shapeType) {
        Shape shape = null;
        if ("Circle".equalsIgnoreCase(shapeType)) {
            shape = new Circle(3);
        } else if ("Rectangle".equalsIgnoreCase(shapeType)) {
            shape = new Rectangle(2, 4);
        } else if ("Triangle".equalsIgnoreCase(shapeType)) {
            shape = new Triangle(3, 4, 5);
        } else {
            shape = new NullShape();
        }
        return shape;
    }
}

Now, client doesn’t need the null check.

public class ShapeProcessor {
    String[] shapeTypes = new String[] { "Circle", "Triangle", "Rectangle", null};
 
    public ShapeProcessor () {
 
    }
 
    public void process() {
        for (String shapeType : shapeTypes) {
            Shape shape = ShapeFactory.createShape(shapeType);
            // no null-check required since shape factory always creates shape objects
            System.out.println("Shape area: " + shape.area());
            System.out.println("Shape Perimeter: " + shape.perimeter());
            shape.draw();
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}

Output.

Shape area: 28.274333882308138
Shape Perimeter: 18.84955592153876
Drawing Circle with area: 28.274333882308138 and perimeter: 18.84955592153876

Shape area: 6.0
Shape Perimeter: 12.0
Drawing Triangle with area: 6.0 and perimeter: 12.0

Shape area: 8.0
Shape Perimeter: 12.0
Drawing Rectangle with area: 8.0 and perimeter: 12.0

Shape area: 0.0
Shape Perimeter: 0.0
Null object cant be drawn

3. Source Files

4. References